The Dilemma of Cloning Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Dilemma of Cloning Man is quickly approaching the reality of re-create a human being. Once regarded as a fantastic visual sensation dreamed up by imaginative novelists, the possibility of creating a person in the absence of sexual intercourse has crossed over the boundaries of science fable and into our lives. While genetic engineering has helped improve the quality of life for many people, it poses many ethical and moral questions that few are prepared to answer. The most menses and volatile debate surrounding human cloning seemed to surface when the existence of bird, a clone-sheep, was announced on February 23, 1997 by Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. The cloning technique, which had never been successfully performed in mammals before, involved transplanting the genes of an adult male sheep with a differentiated somatic cell and transferring them into a female sheeps egg, of which the nucleus had been removed. Since Dolly contained the DNA o f only one parent, she was deemed the delayed genetic twin of a single adult sheep (1). Since the spring of 1998, several other genetic clones have been announced, including the mamma cell research firms claim of designer cattle and the talk of a cloned mouse in June (2). Skeptics wondered, if such animals as mice and sheep can be cloned, what frontiers remains shut out for.....us? Recent legislation by the Clinton Administration, following the announcement of Dollys birth put a ban on any funding whatsoever in persist of science dictated toward human cloning. Personally, I believe that human cloning raises deep concerns, given our cherished concepts of faith and humanity, the President said in a June 1997 national radio address (3)... ... of doing so, and the prospect of cloning a human being is an issue which must be carefully weighed by scientists and legislators alike. It is an answer that can shape the history of mankind, but it is also an event that can create history in itself. Works Cited (1) http//bioethics.gov/pubs/cloning1/executive.htm (2) http//www.reason. com/biclone.html (3) http//www.reson.com/biclone.html (4) http//www.reason.com/opeds/eibert.html (5) http//www.nejm.org/content/1998/0338/0013/0905.asptref-6 (6) http//www.nejm.org/content/1998/0338/0013/0905.aspref-6 (7) Cloning Legal, Medical, Ethical, and affable Issues. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce. Serial n. 105-70. February 12, 1998. Pp. 14 (8) http//cgi.pathfinder.com/time/magazine/articles/0,3266,17681,00.html

Censorship Essay -- essays research papers

CensorshipWithout the history of Censorship, what type of things would children be watching? Without the queer methods of Censorship, what kinds of films would be being released into the public? Throughout this essay I will be explaining the steps taken to achieve the level of Censorship, that we have now.In 1900-1950 all(prenominal) movie in the world was rated before being released. The government, of the country in which the movie was made always did this. In 1956 the rules were changed. Each movies hired hand was now required to go before a Film tabular array, before being produced. If approved the company was allowed to go on with production. In 1968 the Film Board of the Motion Picture Association of America adopted a new classification system. Instead of the scripts being read, the movies were made, rated by the Board and then put into a category. In 1968 the motion Pictures Association, the National Association of Theater Owners, and the International Film importers all gathered for a meeting about an organization called CARA (classification and rating administration). The briny objective of this organization was to educate parents on the films and television that their children watch. This rarely changed any movies or television shows it just put an age limit on the passel to be able to watch them. Anyone over seventeen years of age was allowed to watch anything they chose.There were four categories1. G-General2. PG...

College Athletics :: essays research papers fc

A Scientific Report On Whether Athletics Should Be Instated At Basten CollegeAn intercollegiate athletics political program at Basten College would provide many positives for the college. We would like to focus on the benefits to the majority of your students which would be spectators and athletes. These include health benefits, social benefits, and the effects on politics and race. We would also like to address the problems associated with sports. After our presentation we hope you will be confident in the positive effects an intercollegiate program will have on your institute.There are obvious benefits to being an athlete, specifically those related to ones health. Everybody should exercise at least terzetto times a week in order to establish a healthy way of life. When one is part of a team, they are able to jump certain social skills that can benefit them throughout life. Also, participating in a sport can increase ones level of self-esteem. In selected patients with major dep ression, aerobic training can produce a substantial improvement in symptoms in a short time, (Dimeo et. al., 5) However, as important as all that is, the majority of the population at Basten College will probably not be varsity athletes. The majority will be spectators and fans. There are trine main benefits to being a spectator. The first is the effects on academics. According to Karla Henderson watching sports or athletic events increases endorphin release in the brain, resulting in a higher(prenominal) aptitude and concentration level. So students have the ability to focus longer and retain more information while studying or attending class. The scrap reason deals with females personal identity. According to Linda Marsa, Participation in sports pays big dividends physically, psychologically, and emotionally. Extensive research shows that girls who are involved in athletics shape up their self esteem improve their physical fitness do better academically are less likely to drop out of school, do drugs, poop or get pregnant and are more able to weather the physical and emotional storms of adolescence. The third reason is that it has been found that people who continually introduce and associate with athletics, begin to relate facts and literature to sports, enabling them to commit the knowledge to long-term memory better. For example, lets say Jon Doe loves baseball, specifically the vernal York Yankees. He watches his favorite team at every leisurely moment he can. At the same time, at his college, the University of Basten, he is having trouble in his statistics class.

Reggae Español: Jamaican Music in Spanish-speaking Countries :: Essays Papers

Reggae Espaol Jamaican Music in Spanish-speaking CountriesWith its close geographic proximity to the Caribbean and Latin America, Jamaica has not only certain influences from these cultures, but has also been influential on molding and forming an integral part of Spanish-speaking nations. The growing popularity of reggae and Jamaican culture as a whole is manifest all over the world, and is catching on quickly. Although there are reggae groups found in many of the Spanish-speaking countries worldwide, there is not much literature that has rivet on their history or followed their progress, just like there is not much published work about reggae and Rastafarianism. This paper intends to focus on the Spanish involvement in Jamaica and also chart the musical influence of reggae in these aforementioned regions.Although there is not much evidence regarding the Spanish involvement of Jamaica, the Spaniards were purportedly the first to arrive on the island, and settle it shortly therea fter. Christopher Columbus veered off his path and came upon the small island in the Caribbean on his second voyage in whitethorn of 1494. The island was already inhabited by the autochthonic people called the Arawaks, who supposedly came from Venezuela and had already named the island Xaymaca. Not unlike the other Caribbean islands the Spaniards inhabited, their presence decimated the indigenous population. The influx of disease and mistreatment of the indigenous people by the newcomers led to their eventual demise, 70-80 years after the Spanish arrival. (Musgrave). Only a few artifacts remain of what was once the Arawak culture, a people that at one point numbered 60,000. (Barrett, p. 20).15 years after the Spaniards first encountered the island, they founded a settlement and were quickly establishing dominance in the region. In 1509, the Spaniards built a townsfolk named after an existing Spanish town, Sevilla La Nueva, New Seville. It was located near what is now St. Anns Bay on Jamaicas north coast. With the local indigenous population declining due to disease, Spaniards began bring Africans to the island to work as slaves and perform hard labor. When the Spaniards left and the English took over, many of the salve fled, which became known as Maroons, and settled in what is now known as The Cockpit Country, located in the center of the island. The Spanish presence in Jamaica was relatively brief, and never flourished under Spanish rule. They handed it over to Britain in 1655, after engaging in battle with the British.

Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communist Manifesto Essa

Karl Marx And The commie manifesto Because the first printing of the Communist Manifesto was limited and the circulation restricted, the Manifesto did not have much impact on society after it was written in 1848. This meant that there were not many mickle who had access to the document. It wasnt until 1871, when the capital of France Commune occurred, that the Communist Manifesto began to have a huge impact on the working class all over the world.i The Paris Commune, which was the insurrection of Paris against the French government, resurrected the idea of communism that had been banished for good just a few years after the Manifestos publishing. It created widespread interest of the Manifesto among the dominant classes as well as in the labor movement. In their 1872 introduction to the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels acknowledged the important influence of the Paris Commune on their thinkingOne thing especially was proved by the Commune, viz., th at the working class cannot simply lay hold of ready-made res publica machinery, and wield it for its own purposes.ii The Manifesto would soon become the most widely read publication of the modern working class (Proletariat) movement. By the late nineteenth century, through the influence of the Internationals (communist organizations), Marxs ideas had become popular with the European trade movement, and the major socialist parties were committed to his ideas in theory if not in practice. A major separation occurred, however, between those socialists who believed that violent revolution was inevitable, and those, most notably Eduard Bernstein, who argued that socialism could be achieved by evolution. Both groups could cite Marx as their a... ... on world all over the world.Notesi Bob Jessop, The Communist Manifesto as a Historical Document, <http//members.jcom.home.ne.jp/katori/Jessop_on_CM.html (21 March 2002).ii Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Prefac e to the German Edition of 1872, in Manifesto of the Communist Party, (New York Pathfinder, 1987), 13.iii Paul Dorn, Two Months of Red Splendor The Paris Commune and Marx Theory of Revolution, <http//userwww.sfsu.edu/pdorn/Marx.html (21 March 2002)iv Dornv Dornvi Paul Lewis, For Many, Marxs Manifesto Remains Relevant, The New York Times (Sept. 21, 1997). vii Lewisviii Jessopix Philip J. Kain, Marx and modern-day Political Theory, (Maryland Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1993), 360.x Kain, 360

Karl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communist Manifesto Essa

Karl Marx And The Communist pronunciamento Because the first printing of the Communist Manifesto was limited and the circulation restricted, the Manifesto did not have much match on society after it was written in 1848. This meant that there were not many people who had access to the document. It wasnt until 1871, when the Paris communicate occurred, that the Communist Manifesto began to have a huge impact on the working class all over the world.i The Paris Commune, which was the insurrection of Paris against the French government, resurrected the idea of socialism that had been banished for good just a few years after the Manifestos publishing. It created widespread interest of the Manifesto among the dominant classes as well as in the labor movement. In their 1872 introduction to the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels acknowledged the important influence of the Paris Commune on their thinkingOne thing especially was proved by the Commune, viz., that the working class cannot simply lay hold of ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes.ii The Manifesto would soon become the more or less widely read publication of the modern working class (Proletariat) movement. By the late 19th century, through the influence of the Internationals (communist organizations), Marxs ideas had become popular with the European trade movement, and the major socialist parties were committed to his ideas in theory if not in practice. A major separation occurred, however, between those socialists who believed that violent revolution was inevitable, and those, around notably Eduard Bernstein, who argued that socialism could be achieved by evolution. Both groups could cite Marx as their a... ... on humans all over the world.Notesi Bob Jessop, The Communist Manifesto as a Historical Document, <http//members.jcom.home.ne.jp/katori/Jessop_on_CM.html (21 March 2002).ii Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Preface to the German Edition of 1872, in Manifesto of the Communist Party, (New York Pathfinder, 1987), 13.iii Paul Dorn, Two Months of Red Splendor The Paris Commune and Marx Theory of Revolution, <http//userwww.sfsu.edu/pdorn/Marx.html (21 March 2002)iv Dornv Dornvi Paul Lewis, For Many, Marxs Manifesto Remains Relevant, The New York Times (Sept. 21, 1997). vii Lewisviii Jessopix Philip J. Kain, Marx and Modern Political Theory, (Maryland Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1993), 360.x Kain, 360

Business Task 1 on individual report Essay

Despite its future eco nary(preno(prenominal)inal)ic prospects, the United Arab Emirates continues to suffer from merged cheek issues. The development of integrated politics in the region has largely been influenced by religion (Gellis et al., 2002). The rules g everywherening the practice of corporeal goernance have been meaningfully influenced by Islamic Sharia. This reflects the pagan and religious characteristic of the region (Islam and Hussain, 2003). Islamic Sharia specifies a military issue of core look ons such as trust, integrity, honesty and justice which ar alike(p) to the core values of corporate governance codes in the West. However, a survey of corporate governance in a number of Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates suggests that the region continues to suffer from corporate governance weaknesses.2.0 Reasons for the twist including use of suitable inference and data The organise of the above sectors and groundss for the structure and dos on the carrying into action of smasheds has been vital subject of pass in the finance literature. Empirical raise suggests that privately held trustworthys slant to be more efficient and more remunerative than publicly held tautens. This shows that willpower structure matters. The question now is how does it affect whole act and why this kind of structure? This question is significant since it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La Porta et al. (1998 1999 2000).According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for impertinent investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend will maintain large positions in their besotteds thus resulting in a grueling will power structure. This finding is fire because it implies that stimulateership structure can affect the exertion of the loyal in one way or the some other(a). It is indisputable the lack of regulations in corporate govern ance gives managers who intend to mishandle the lead of hard currency for their own individualal interest a low control level. The empirical results from the past studies of impacts of self-will structure on public presentation of corporate have been inconclusive and mixed up (Turki, 2012).In response to corporate governance issues and their impact on corporate instruction execution, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) and Jensen (2000) have suggested the requisite for improved corporate governance structures so as to enhance transparency, accountability and responsibility.embodied governance reform and the introduction of innovative methods to limit abuse of essence by crest management have been justified by youthful large scale accounting and corporate failures such as Enron, HealthSouth, Tyco International, Adelphia, Global Crossing, WorldCom, Cendant and the recent globular fiscal crisis.According to Monks and Minow (1996) numerous corporate failures suggest that existing cor porate governance structures are not working raiseively. integrated failures and accounting scandals ab initio appear to a U.S phenomenon, resulting from inordinate greed by investors, overheated equity markets, and a winner-take-all mind-set of the U.S society. However, the last decade has shown that irregularities in accounting, managerial greed, abuse of power, are global phenomenon that cannot be confine to the U.S. Many non-U.S firms such as Parallax, Adecco, TV Azteca, Hollinger, Royal Dutch Shell, Vivendi, China Aviation, Barings Bank, etc. have witnessed failures in corporate governance and other forms of corporate mishaps.In addition to corporate governance failures, global standards have declined significantly and u give the axehical and questionable practices have be sleep with widely accepted. The net impact has been a reduction in the amount of faith that investors and shareholders have in the efficiency of capital markets. There is no universally accepted corporat e governance model that the interest of shareholders and investors are adequately protected as wellhead as ensuring that enough shareholder wealth is being created (Donaldson and Davis, 2001 Huse, 1995 Frentrop, 2003).Much of the debate on corporate governance has pointed on understanding whether the Board of Directors has enough power to ensure that top management is making the right decision. The handed-down corporate governance framework often ignores the unique effect that the owners of the firm can have on the board and thus the firms top management. The traditional framework at that pratfore ignores that fact that the owners of the firm can influence the board and thus top management to act of make particular decisions. Corporate governance studies are therefore yet to identify and deal with the complexities that are inherent in corporate governance attend toes (Jensen, 2000 Shleifer, 2001 Frentrop, 2003 Donaldson and Davis, 2001 Huse, 1995).Investment choices and owner preferences are affect among other things by the extent their degree of assay aversion. Owners who have economic relations with the firm will be interested in protecting their interests however if it is reasonably evident that such protection will result in poor surgical procedure. According to Thomsen and Pedersen (1997) banks that play a dual aim as owners and lenders would discourage high risk projects with great profit potential because such projects may hinder the firm from showdown its financial obligations if the project fails to realize its expected cash flows. The presidential term alike plays a dual role in that it serves as both an owner and a regulator. Therefore owners who play a dual role in the firm often face a trade-off between promoting the creation of shareholder value and meeting their other specific preys (Hill and Jones, 1992).Existing corporate governance frameworks have often ignored these issues in UAE. Rather, much of the emphasis has been on the effectiveness of the board in ensuring that top management is working towards meeting the goals of shareholders. Present corporate governance frameworks lack the ability to monitor owners and their influence on top management. The framework lacks the ability to align the role played by firm owners, board of directors and managers interests and actions with the creation of shareholder value and welfare motivation of stakeholders.Discussion of the possible future structure of the industry The United Arabs Emirates, and mainly Abu Dhabi, is unchanging to increase its economy by reducing the total proportion impact of hydrocarbons to Gross Domestic Product. This is currently being done by growing investiture in sector areas like services in telecommunication, education, media, healthcare, tourism, aviation, metals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, transportation and trade.Significant investments have been made by United Arab Emirates to establish itself as a region al trade hub. United Arab Emirates is also member of the World Trade plaque (WTO). In addition, there are ongoing negotiations to establish free trade agreements with other regions and countries such as the EU. These factors will top positively to the regions integration into the global economy. United Arab Emirates is currently working towards diversifying their economies from the oil sector into other sectors. This diversification is expected not only to increase trade among member countries but also to increase the regions trade with other countries and regions (Sturm et al., 2008).How the structure affects strategy decisions self-command structure has an impact on firm executing in United Arab Emirates energy production owned sector. This region has witnessed significant economic growth over the last few decades. The region is also facing turbulent times with wonder to corporate governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are no t limited to the United Arabs Emirates as part of GCC Countries. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005). As a result, there has been an interest in the research attention accorded to corporate governance. The credibility of current corporate governance structures has come under scrutiny owing to recent corporate failures and low corporate performance across the world.The risk aversion of the firm can be straight off affected by the possession structure in place. Agency problems occur as a result of divergence in interests between principals (owners) and agents (managers) (Leech and Leahy, 1991). The board of directors is thereby regarded as an intermediary between managers and owners. The board of directors plays four important roles in the firm. These include monitoring, stewardship, monitoring and reporting. The board of directors monitors and controls the kickshaw of top managemen t. The board of directors influences managerial discretion in two ways internal influences which are imposed by the board and external influences which relate to the role played by the market in monitoring and sanctioning managers (Jensen and Meckling, 1976 2000).B Contribution of the sector to the economy of your chosen countryAnalysis of contribution of sector United Arab Emirates remain major global economic player because it has the highest oil reserves. UAE together with the other Gulf Cooperation Council accounts for over 40% of global oil reserves and remains important in give the global economy with oil in future. As a result, investment spending on oil exploration and development of new oil handle is on the rise (Sturm et al., 2008).Global oil demand is currently on the rise. This growth is driven mainly by emerging market economies, as well as the oil producing UAE as part of GCC countries. In addition, Europe and the U.S are witnessing depletions in their oil reserv es. This means that these regions will become increasingly dependent on the Gulf region which includes UAE for the supply of oil (Sturm et al., 2008). The importance of the United Arabs Emirates as a global economic player is therefore expected to increase dramatically in the near futureUse of appropriate data and other evidence By the year 2011, the GDP of United Arab Emirates totaled to 360.2 billion dollars. after in 2001, yearly growth of GNP varied from about 7.4% to 30.7%. As part of the chief crude oil suppliers, the United Arab Emirates was at first egress off from the universal recession by high prices on oil that rose to a record 147 US dollars per barrel in the month of July in 2008. Nevertheless, the nation was ultimately influenced by the excavating worldwide recession which resulted to a decline in oil demand, reducing the oil prices to a reduced amount not exceeding a third of the peak of July 2008. In the last 2008 months, the trembles rumbling through global ec onomies were lastly experienced in this section. crude oil (million barrels) proven reserves, 2013 Total oil supply (thousand bbl/d), 2012 Total petroleum consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio97,800 3,213 618 95Natural Gas (billion cubic feet)Proved reserves, 2013 Dry natural vaunt production, 2012 Dry natural gas consumption, 2012 Reserves-to-production ratio215,025 1,854 2,235 116UAE summary energy statisticsC Critical appraisal of sustainability targets on business plan of your chosen organisationOil firms in United Arab Emirates is still quite immature. Most businesses are controlled by a few shareholders and family monomania is prevalent. Most large and small businesses are family businesses (Saidi, 2004). The realm is also significantly involved in the management of companies (Union of Arab Banks, 2003).This is contrary to the status quo in Western democracies where firms are owned by a various mathematical group of shareholders which makes ownership to be comple tely separated from control. The ownership structure in United Arab Emirates suggests that stewardship and monitoring aspects of non-executive directors (NEDs) is absent in firms based in United Arab Emirates. ownership niggardliness has remained high in the region because of practices such as rights issues which enable existing wealthy shareholders, and influential families to subscribe to new shares in Initial reality Offerings (IPOs) (Musa, 2002).According to a study of the corporate governance practices of five countries by the Union of Arab Banks (2003), ownership of corporations is concentrated in the hands of families. In addition, corporate boards are dominated by compulsory shareholders, their relatives and friends (Union of Arab Banks, 2003). There is a no clear separation between control and ownership. Decision making is dominated by shareholders. The number of independent directors in the board is very small and the dish ups of the CEO and Chairman are carried out by the same person. The high concentration in firm ownership therefore undermines the principles of good corporate governance that are prevalent in western settings (Yasin and Shehab, 2004). This evidence is consistent with findings by the World Bank (2003) in an investigation of corporate governance practices in the Middle East no.th Africa (MENA) region which also includes the Gulf region.1.0 Objective of empirical evidence The empirical evidence on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance is mixed. Different studies have made use of different samples to arrive at different, self-contradictory and sometimes difficult to compare conclusions. The literature suggests that there are two main ownership structures in firm including dispersed ownership and concentrated ownership. With abide by to concentrated ownership, near of the empirical evidence suggests that concentrated ownership negatively affects performance (e.g., Johnson et al., 2000 Gugler and Weigand, 20 03 Grosfeld, 2006 Holmstrom and Tirole, 1993). Different studies have also focused on how specifically concentrated ownership structures affect firm performance. For example, with respect to organisation ownership, Jefferson (1998), Stiglitz (1996), and Sun et al. (2002) provide theoretical arguments that authorities ownership is likely to positively affect firm performance because political sympathies ownership can facilitate the resolution of issues regarding the ambiguous property rights.However, Xu and Wang (1999) and Sun and Tong (2003) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a negative impact on firm performance. On the contrary, Sun et al. (2002) provide empirical evidence that government ownership has a positive impact on firm performance. It has also been argued that the family alliance between government ownership and firm performance is non-linear. Another commonly investigated ownership type and its impact on firm performance is family ownership. An derson and Reeb (2003), Villanonga and Amit (2006), Maury (2006), Barontini and Caprio (2006), and Pindado et al. (2008) suggest that there is a positive link between family ownership and firm performance. Despite the positive impact some studies argue that the impact of family ownership is negative.The impact of foreign ownership has also been investigated. Most of the evidence suggests that foreign ownership has a positive impact on firm performance (e.g., Arnold and Javorcik, 2005 Petkova, 2008 Girma, 2005 Girma and Georg, 2006 Girma et al., 2007 Chari et al., 2011 Mattes, 2008).With respect to managerial ownership, it has been argued that the relationship is likely to be positive (Jensen and Meckling, 1976 Chen et al., 2005 Drobetz et al., 2005). Despite this suggestion Demsetz and Lehn (1985) observe a negative relationship between dispersed ownership and firm performance. institutional ownership has also been found to have a positive impact on firm performance (e.g. McConnell and Servaes, 1990 Han and Suk, 1998 Tsai and Gu, 2007). Furthermore, some studies suggest that there is no link between insider ownership and performance .Very limited studies have been conducted on the impact of ownership structure on firm performance in GCC countries like UAE. For example, Arouri et al. (2013) provide evidence that bank performance is affected by family ownership, foreign ownership and institutional ownership and that there is no significant impact of government ownership on bank performance. Zeitun and Al-Kawari (2012) observe a significant positive impact of government ownership on firm performance in the Gulf region.The pervasive endogeneity of ownership has been cited as a potential reason why it is difficult to disentangle the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. In addition, the relation may be a function of the type of firm as well as the period of observation in the life of the firm. This study is motivated by the mixed results ob tained in previous studies and the limited number of studies that have focused on UAE as part of GCC countries. The objective of the study is to explore in more details the factors that motivate particular types of ownership structure and the potential impact of ownership structure and firm performance in the Gulf region2.0 Empirical indorse The empirical evidence will focus on how different ownership structures affect firm performance. Firms are often characterized by concentrated and dispersed ownership. Concentrated ownership is expected to have a positive impact on firm performance owning to the change magnitude monitoring that it provides (Grosfeld, 2006).Dispersed ownership has been found to be less frequent than expected. Empirical evidence suggests that most firms are characterized by mixed forms of ownership concentration (La Porta et al., 1999). Given this high level of ownership concentration, there has been an increasing concern over the protection of the rights of non-controlling shareholders (Johnson et al., 2000 Gugler and Weigand, 2003). Empirical evidence shows that ownership concentration at best results in poor performance. Concentrated ownership is apostrophizely and has the potential of promoting the exploitation of non-controlling shareholders by controlling shareholders (Grosfeld, 2006). Holmstrom and Tirole (1993) argue that concentrated ownership can contribute to poor liquidity, which can in warp negatively affect performance. In addition, high ownership concentration limits the ability of the firm to diversify. There are various forms of concentrated ownership such as government ownership, family ownership, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and foreign ownership. In the next section, the literature review will focus on how these separate ownership structures affect firm performance.2.1.1 Government willpower The impact of government ownership on firm performance has attracted the attention of some(prenominal ) researchers because the government accounts for the largest proportion of shares of listed companies in some countries and also because government ownership can be used as an instrument of intervention by the government (Kang and Kim, 2012). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) suggest that government ownership can contribute to poor firm performance because Government Owned enterprises often face political pressure for excessive employment. In addition, it is often difficult to monitor managers of government owned enterprises and there is often a lack of interest in carrying out business process reengineering (Shleifer and Vishny, 1996 Kang and Kim, 2012). Contrary to Shleifer and Vishny (1997) some economists have argued that government ownership can improve firm performance in less developed and emerging economies in particular. This is because government ownership can facilitate the resolution of issues with respect to ambiguous property rights.The empirical evidence on the impact of st ate ownership on firm performance is mixed. For example, Xu and Wang (1999) provide evidence of a negative relationship between state ownership and firm performance based on data for Chinese listed firms over the period 1993-1995. The study, however, fails to find any link between the market-to-book ratio and state ownership (Xu and Wang, 1999). Sun and Tong (2003) employ ownership data from 1994 to 2000 and compares legal person ownership with government ownership. The study provides evidence that government ownership negatively affects firm performance while legal person ownership positively affects firm performance. This conclusion is based on the market-to-book ratio as the measure of firm performance.However, using return on sales or gross earnings as the measure of firm performance, the study provides evidence that government ownership has no effect on firm performance. Sun et al. (2002) provide contrary evidence from above. use data over the period 1994-1997, Sun et al. (200 2) provide evidence that both legal person ownership and government ownership had a positive effect on firm performance. They explain their results by suggesting that legal person ownership is another form of government ownership. The above studies treat the relationship between government ownership and firm performance as linear. However it has been argued that the relationship is not linear.Huang and Xiao (2012) provide evidence that government ownership has a negative net effect on performance in transition economies. La Porta et al. (2002) provide evidence across 92 countries that government ownership of banks contributes negatively to bank performance. The evidence is consistent with Dinc (2005) and Brown and Dinc (2005) who investigate government ownership banks in the U.S.2.1.2 Family willpower Family ownership is very common in oil firms in UAE. There is a difference between family ownership and other types of shareholders in that family owners tend to be more interested in the long-run survival of the firm than other types of shareholders(Arosa et al., 2010).. Furthermore, family owners tend to be more concerned about the firms reputation of the firm than other shareholders (Arosa et al., 2010). This is because damage to the firms reputation can also result in damage the familys reputation. Many studies have investigated the relationship between family ownership and firm performance. They provide evidence of a positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003 Villalonga and Amit, 2006 Maury, 2006 Barontini and Caprio, 2006 Pindado et al., 2008).The positive relationship between family ownership and firm performance can be attributed to a number of factors. For example, Arosa et al. (2010) suggests that family firms long-term goals indicate that this category of firms desire investing over long horizons than other shareholders. In addition, because there is a significant relationship between the weal th of the family and the value of the family firm, family owners tend to have greater incentives to monitor managers (agents) than other shareholders (Anderson and Reeb, 2003). Furthermore, family owners would be more interested in offering incentives to managers that will make them loyal to the firm.In addition, there is a substantial long-term presence of families in family firms with strong intentions to preserve the name of the family. These family members are therefore more likely to forego short-term financial rewards so as to enable future generations take over the business and protect the familys reputation (Wang, 2006). In addition, family ownership has positive economic consequences on the business. There are strong control structures that can motivate family members to communicate effectively with other shareholders and creditors using higher quality financial reporting with the resulting effect being a reduction in the cost of financing the business .Furthermore, familie s are interested in the long-term survival of the firm and family, which reduces the opportunistic port of family members with regard to the distribution of earnings and allocation of management, positions.Despite the positive impact of family ownership on firm performance, it has been argued that family ownership promotes high ownership concentration, which in turn creates corporate governance problems. In addition, high ownership concentration results in other types of costs (Arosa et al., 2010). As earlier mentioned, La Porta et al. (1999) and Vollalonga and Amit (2006) argue that controlling shareholders are likely to undertake activities that will give them gain unfair advantage over non-controlling shareholders. For example, family firms may be unwilling to pay dividends .Another reason why family ownership can have a negative impact on firm performance is that controlling family shareholders can easily favour their own interests at the expense of non-controlling shareholders by running the company as a family employment service. Under such circumstances, management positions will be limited to family members and incomparable dividends will be paid to family shareholders (Demsetz, 1983 Fama and Jensen, 1983 Shleifer and Vishny, 1997). Agency costs may arise because of dividend payments and management entrenchment (DeAngelo and DeAngelo, 2000 Francis et al., 2005). Families may also have their own interests and concerns that may not be in line with the concerns and interests of other investor groups (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997).Schulze et al. (2001) provide a discussion, which suggests that the impact of family ownership on firm performance can be a function of the generation. For example, noting that agency costs often arise as a result of the separation of ownership from control, they argue that first generation family firms tend to have limited agency problems because the management and supervision decisions are made by the same individual. As such ag ency costs are reduced because the separation of ownership and control has been completely eliminated. Given that there is no separation of ownership and control in the first generation family firm, the firm relationship between family ownership and performance is likely to be positive (Miller and Le-Breton-Miller, 2006). As the firm enters second and third generations, the family property becomes shared by an increasingly large number of family members with diverse interests. The moment conflict of interests sets in the relationship between family ownership and performance turns negative in accordance to (Chrisman et al., 2005 Sharma et al., 2007). Furthermore, agency problems arise from family relations because family members with control over the firms imagerys are more likely to be generous to their children and other relatives (Schulze et al., 2001).To summarize, the relationship between family ownership and firm performance may be non-linear. This means that the relationship is likely to be positive and negative at the same time. To support this contention, a number of studies have observed a non-linear relationship between family ownership and firm performance (e.g. Anderson and Reeb, 2003 Maury, 2006). This means that when ownership is less concentrated, family ownership is likely to have a positive impact on firm performance. As the family ownership concentration increases, minority shareholders tend to be exploited by family owners and thus the impact of family ownership on firm performance tends negative. abject countries have a relatively weak diamond of competitive advantages (Vlahini-Dizdarevi 2006).D. Analysis1.0 Potters Diamond ModelThe competitive forces advantages or analysis ought to be fixed on the main competition factors and its impact analysis on the business (Porter 1998, p.142). The state, and home wealth cannot be inherited -3554730607695Faktorski uvjeti00Faktorski uvjeti-27546301293495Vezane i podravajue industrije00Vezane i podrava jue industrije-332041536195ansa00ansa it ought to be produced (Porter 1998, p.155). This wealth is influenced by the ability of industry to continually upgrade and innovate itself, and this is achievable exclusively by increase means in production in all parts of fiscal action. The model of Porter concerns aspect which circuitously or openly affects advantage of competition. The aspect structure a place where given manufacturing sector like in this case, oil sector, state or region a learn and act on the way of competing in that environment. (Porter 1998, p. 165).Left0 distributively diamond (oil) and the field of diamond (oil) as the whole structure consists of main influences that makes the oil sector competition to be successive. These influences entail every ability and resource vital for competitive advantage of the sector data forming the opportunity and providing the response to how accessible abilities and resources ought to be ruled each interest group aim and the is most crucial, oil sector pressure to innovating and investing.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsThe oil sector has many years producing oil and so is well established.Comparatively lots of sub-sectors for industrialist perceptual constancy and support.WeaknessesComparatively out of date scientific foundation.Inadequate well educated professionals and residents in comparison to the new industry needs.Lesser costs of work cost in oil sector due to low salary from regular salaries in UAE.OpportunitiesThe likelihood for resources application of EU agreement funds, as is the state resources more or less good quality of 11 % graduate students share that are likely to be absorbed into this oil sector.Contribution in motivational and investment projects that support in developing the economy of UAE every time.ThreatsExpansion of oil production capacity of economies of South-Eastern that have competed with low prices of products and little costs of production.Loan jobs and production globalisation. w ages of local competition of adjacent economies, and thus reinforcing actions that attract direct overseas exploitation of the oil sector in UAE through investments.ReferencesAdmati, Pfleiderer, P., Z. 1994. 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History of Philippines Essay

The history of the Filipinos is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans utilise rafts or primitive boats, at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man showed. 1 The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, who sighted the island of Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed on Homonhon Island (now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar province) the next day. Homonhon Island is southeast of Samar Island. 2Before Magellan arrived, Negrito tribes inhabited the isles, who were subsequently joined and largely supplanted by migrating groups of Austronesians. This population had stratified into hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, petty plutocracies and maritime-oriented harbor principalities which eventually grew into kingdoms, rajahnates, principalities, confederations and sultanates. Iron Age finds in Philippines also point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu and the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B. C. 3States included the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan and Cebu, the dynasty of Tondo, the august kingdoms of Maysapan and Maynila, the Confederation of Madyaas, the sinified Country of Mai, as well as the Muslim Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao. These small maritime conjure ups flourished from as early as the 1st Millennium. 45 These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. 6 The remainder of the settlements were fencesitter Barangays allied with one of the larger states. The balangay or barangay represented an independent community in the Archipelago triumphd by a Datu.There were, however, instances where a Datu of a certain barangay was aided by a council of elders in running the affairs of the barangay similar to privy councils of European monarchs. In that patriarchal society, the Datu and his family constituted the highest authority in the barangay and were therefore considered the equivalent of European monarchs. His rule was absolute. He dispensed justice and state war against other barangays. Therefore, at the apex of pre-Spanish nobility in the Philippine Archipelago, was the Datu the term commonly use by the Tagalogs.In Mindanao, Sultan and Rajah were used accordingly for the highest chief of their various(prenominal) communities. Spanish colonization and settlement began with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpis expedition on February 13, 1565 who established the first permanent settlement of San Miguel on the island of Cebu. 7 The expedition continued northwards reaching the bay of Manila on the island of Luzon on June 24, 1571,8 where they established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted for more than one-third centuries. 9Spanish rule achieved the political unification of almost the whole archipelago, that previously had been composed by independent kingdoms and communities, pushing back south the advancing Islamic forces and creati ng the first draft of the nation that was to be known as the Philippines. Spain also introduced Christianity, the code of law, the oldest Universities and the first public education system in Asia, the western European version of printing, the Gregorian calendar and invested heavily on all kinds of modern infrastructures, such as train networks and modern bridges.The Spanish East Indies were ruled as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and administered from Mexico City from 1565 to 1821, and administered directly from Madrid, Spain from 1821 until the end of the SpanishAmerican War in 1898, except for a brief period of British rule from 1762 to 1764. During the Spanish period, numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced. The Chinese, British, Portuguese, Dutch, Japanese, and indigenous traders, complained that the Spanish reduced trade by attempting to enforce a Spanish monopoly.Spanish missionaries attempted to modify the population to C hristianity and were eventually generally successful in the northern and central lowlands. They founded schools, a university, and some hospitals, principally in Manila and the largest Spanish fort settlements. everyday education was made free for all Filipino subjects in 1863 and remained so until the end of the Spanish colonial era. This measure was at the vanguard of contemporary Asian countries, and led to an important class of educated natives, like Jose Rizal.Ironically, it was during the initial years of American occupation in the early 20th century, that Spanish literature and crush out flourished. The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in frightful 1896, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. However, the Treaty of Paris, at the end of the SpanishAmerican War, transferred control of the Philippines to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the insurgent First Philippi ne Republic Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the United States. 10The PhilippineAmerican War which ensued resulted in massive casualties. 11 Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and the U. S. government declared the conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino leaders, for the most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but hostilities continued and only began to decline in 1913, leaving a ingrained number of casualties on the Filipino side of more than one million dead, many of them courtlyians. 1213 The U. S. had established a military government in the Philippines on August 14, 1898, following the capture of Manila. 14 Civil government was inaugurated on July 1, 1901. 15 An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature. 15 race status was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. 16 Preparation for a fully sover eign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II. 17 After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established the Philippine Republic as an independent nation. 18 With a promising economy in the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a rise of student activism and civil unrest against President Ferdinand Marcos who declared martial law in 1972. citation needed The peaceful and bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986, however, brought about the ousting of Marcos and a result to democracy for the country. The period since then, however, has been marked by political instability and hampered economic productivity.

The Natural Force Of Tides Environmental Sciences Essay

The term Tide is defined as the rise and autumn of water breaker point in oceans and oceans as a con epoch of the essential force of gravity amid the public, Sun, and dream, in add-on to the rotary motion of hide on itself. Tides pick turn out been known to ancients a long clip ago, moreover the scientific apprehension of this capable affair was non until three centuries ago, when north presented his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy or as frequently named, the Principia. In this book, Newton describe the Universal gravity, which shaped the scientific position and account for the natural admiration of Tides.ImportanceLearning about the natural force of tides and tide anticipations is a necessity for both seaman. Tides can be either utile or insidious, all faceing on how the seaman trades with it. A live on tide, for illustration, can be utile because it vacates the ship a little more above H2O giving the ship a better clearance distance between the bottom surface of the ship and the sea land. In contrast, a elevated tide can be unsafe on ships, because it can force ships to the shores instantly if non moored in a clear infinite. Similarly, a low tide may be unsafe, because it windings the H2O take from the shore doing the ship to hit the land doing amendss to the ship.The rise and autumn of H2O full point, and currents caused by tides may either assist the ships motion and patterned advance or detain it, may take ships into dangers and hazards or off from them. In order to hold a safe and a successful journey, the sailing master in any sailing ship must hold a clear apprehension of tides, in add-on to doing usage of tide anticipations available in published tide in shapings tabular arraies from all ports around the universe. kingdom, lunation, and Sun SystemAs mentioned antecedently, tides be the consequence of two factors, the gravitative force of the Sun and moon about towards primer coat, in add-on to the Earths rotary motion around its axis. Obviously, all satellites, including Earth, in our solar system depend on the gravitative force and rotary motion around the Sun to be balanced and organize a common system of s everal planets. The gravitative force of the dream and the Sun plays a vastger function in the creative activity of tides on Earth. As the laze rotates around the Earth, it exerts a pull force towards the earths surface. The Sun on the other side exerts another pull force on Earth to the Sun, see simulacrum 1. The Moon, nevertheless, have the bigger influence than the Sun because of the shorter distance it has to earth, even though the suns gravitation towards Earth is 179 times stronger than the Moon. The short distance between the Moon and Earth makes it responsible for 56 % of the force impact on Earth and 44 % will be from the Sun, and this explains why the tides are specifically linked to the Moon behaviour.tide-tables-a-2.jpg portend 1 The Moon and the Sun exerts gr avitative Pull forces towards the Earth, doing the creative activity of tides.( Beginning hypertext switch protocol //science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/tide-table1.htm )As the Moon rotates around the Earth it creates a bump of H2O on the earths surface traveling parallel to the Moon, ensuing in the formation of tides. An tantamount bump is besides formed on the other side of the planet antonym to the Moon. The tantamount bump on the opposite side of the planet is caused by Earth being pulled off from its H2O, in the opposite side, traveling towards the Moon. Another name for the cause of the opposite bump is the centrifugal force of the Earth s rotary motion. By and large talking, the pull force of the Moon and the Sun influences the unit planet Earth including the land country and H2O country. The big volume of H2O on Earth ( 71 % ) moving compressible as a fluid, nevertheless, makes it more noticeable and extraordinary.The day-to-day rotary motion of the Earth around itself and the Moon go arounding around the Earth, all reflects the tidal rhythm. The Moon revolves around the Earth one time in what is called a lunar month. The lunar month dissembles the clip between the give-up the ghosting of a new Moon and the consecutive 1. The continuance of the lunar month is calculated about to be 29days 12hours and 44minutes. Having the Moon go arounding around the Earth one time all lunar month and the Earth revolving in the same way daily on its axis, the whole planet will necessitate more than 24 hours to catch up with the proceeding Moon. Earth needs 24 hours plus about 52 proceedingss to use up a tidal rhythm. This Moon based twenty-four hours is called the tidal twenty-four hours and it consequences in the changing of the tides timing of each twenty-four hours by adding about 52 proceedingss. In theory, this tidal rhythm consequences in two high tides and two low tides in all of the Earth.The two opposite bumps of H2O on Earth, expl ained before, represent the high tide which follows the motion of the Moon straight. The other two parts of Earth, between the two bumps, represent the low tide. Tides are classified into diurnal, semi-diurnal, and assorted tides in conformity to the highs and figure of high and low tides each tidal twenty-four hours. A Diurnal tide is when a certain location on Earth experiences one high tide and one low surge a twenty-four hours. Diurnal tide happens in locations of high latitudes when the H2O bumps formed by the Moon drawing are north or South of the equator, see figure 2. A Semi-diurnal tide is the most common in the bulk of topographical points on Earth, and it is when a certain location on earth experience two high tides and two low tides a twenty-four hours. Semi-diurnal tide happens when the Moon is straight above the equator. While the semidiurnal tides assures two equal high tides and two equal low tides for locations near the equator, locations north and South of the equ ator experience two further unequal high tides and two unequal low tides called a Mixed tide.diurnal. ( 1 ) .gifFigure 2 Diurnal tides take a period of 24 hours and 50 proceedingss. Semidiurnal Tides period is 12 hours and 25 proceedingss. The country in between experience Mixed tides, where two but unequal high and low tides takes topographic point.( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/tides/tides.html )Annual tidal BehaviorThe Moon revolves around the Earth in an elliptic way, which makes it closer to earth at times and farther off at other times. The clip in which the Moon is at its nearest distance with Earth is called Lunar Perigee. The closest distance the Moon can act to with regard to Earth is 356,400 kilometers, which is less than the average distance between the Earth and the Moon by 8 per centum.As mentioned before, Newton in his book Principia described his theory of the gravitative existence, where he besides developed a expression to cipher the gravitative force between two organic structures. The Newton practice of law of gravitation proves that gravitative forces between disparate organic structures addition as the distance between the two organic structures diminish. As a consequence, the 8 per centum lessen in the distance between the Moon and the Earth increases the gravitative force of the Moon by 25 per centum, impacting the Earth and increasing the ability of the Moon to pick out forth tides.Actually, when the Moon is at its nearest distance with Earth and standing in a line between the Earth and the Sun, unusual increased high spring high tides are produced. Besides named Proxigean jounce Tide, the high spring high tides occur non more than one time every one and a half twelvemonth. In add-on, if the lunar perigee occurs at full Moon ( Earth between Sun and Moon ) , unusual low Neap tides besides takes topographic point.The gravitative force developed because of the Earth and Moon interaction, and its impact on the big organic structures of H2O in Earth develops an hyperbole point called evection . This event takes topographic point when the Moon is at its nearest distance with Earth and stands between the Sun and the Earth in a consecutive line Proxigean Spring Tide. When other factors of high storm, or complex natural occasions takes topographic point at times of proxigee, Deluging with large amendss and extraordinary tides hit certain coasts. The last Extreme proxigean spring tide taking topographic point was in March 7, 1995. Extreme proxigean Spring Tides have been record for the past 400, and is said to happen one time every 31 old ages.Tidal RangeThe variation between the high tide and the subsequent low tide, vertically, is called the tidal circumstance. The tidal domain calculates the difference in the H2O degree or highs between the high tide and low tide. As have been mentioned before, the gravitative force of the Moon and the Sun on Earth is the major cau se of tides. It is besides discovered that the altering stages of the Moon has a major impact on the highs alteration in Tides in different seashores and locations around the universe. Around the clip of the new Moon or full Moon, the maximal tidal scope takes topographic point tides are highly high or really low. This happens because the gravitative force of both the Moon and the Sun is aligned in the same way toward the Earth ( new Moon ) , or aligned in opposite waies, holding the Earth precisely between the two forces ( full Moon ) . During these two stages of the Moon, tides are called Spring tides, see figure 3 ( a ) . On the other manus, During the first and last quarters of the moons stages, tidal scope tends to be smaller. This happens because the place of the Sun and the Moon is at a right angle to the Earth. The gravitative force of the Sun and the Moon acts weaker to the earths H2O because it comes from two different waies. During these two stages of the Moon, tides a re called Neap tides, see figure 3 ( B ) .In each twelvemonth there are two yearss when the length of the twenty-four hours and dark are equal, called Equinox. The maximal tidal scope to expect yearly is said to be during the clip of equinox when combined together with a clip of spring tide.tidal_cycle.jpgFigure 3 ( a ) Spring tides occur in new Moons and full Moon.( B ) Neap tides occur between new Moons and full Moon.( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.icit.hw.ac.uk/student_project/sweyn3.htm )It is partly true that the tidal scope additions as farther the location is from the equator. However it is non the lone factor of increasing tidal scope. Hundreds of seashores in the farthermost North or South of the equator tend to hold smaller tidal ranges than 1s near the equator. Several Stationss on the Korean seashore, for illustration, have a tidal scope above 20 pess. On the other manus, some Stationss on the Bering Sea near Alaska have the tidal scope of 5 to 7 pess. The addition or lessening in tidal scope in any seashore depends on many physical factors of the location itself. The characteristic of the land where the seashore is locate is an of import factor impacting the tidal scope, in add-on to the form of the shore. Another factor playing an of import function on the addition or lessening of the tidal scope is the deepness of H2O in the location. Likewise, the size of the ocean basin where the tide happens is a major factor for the alteration in tidal scope between different locations. Large countries of H2O, worry oceans, are capable to a more country of influence by the Moon gravitation than smaller countries like seas, bays, or gulfs.Tidal Range is classified into three sorts based on the measuring of highs. First, Macromareal, named for tidal scope higher than 4 meters. Second, Mesomareal, named for tidal scope between 2 to 4 meters. Third, Micromareal, named for tidal scope less than 2 meters.Extreme conditions conditions of strong air currents in a steady way with a long clip continuity, combined with low force per unit area can act upon the tidal scope progressively, particularly in narrow bays, and gives infatuated measurings. Tsunamis and deluging comes from the oceans and sea, nevertheless, are particular instances of risky conditions that is non included in the measurings of tidal scope.Tide informations of different Stationss in states with H2O seashores normally contain tabular arraies of day-to-day measurings save or even day-to-day and one-year anticipations of Stationss in this state. The National Hydrographic service of the state publishes these informations tabular arraies and is available to order if needed.Highest tidal scopeIn the east seashore of North America, specifically, Nova Scotia in Canada one of the worlds greatest admirations takes topographic point. The Bay of Fundy in Canada has the worlds highest tidal scope. An sum of 100 one million million million tones of H2O is filled and empt ied from this bay twice every twenty-four hours. Towards the caput of the bay, in the Minas Basin, tidal scope reaches more than 16 meters. The highest tidal scope recorded in this bay was at Burntcoat Head. The highest tidal scope at Burntcoat Head was measured at 16.65 meters. This information measuring is of import for the design of the tidal struggle armored combat vehicle. Supplying the design of the tide trial armored combat vehicle with the maximal tidal scope informations recorded on Earth and the application of these measurings on the ship theoretical accounts give the companies a opportunity to develop their ships in order to be successfully used anyplace in the universe without worrying about tides and H2O degrees.Tidal currentsTidal current is another term related to tides and has a great importance in ship seafaring and oceanic pilotage. If tides are the perpendicular rise and autumn of H2O degree, so a simple definition for the tidal current will be, the horizontal f low of H2O attach toing a normal tide on coastal countries. Tidal currents can be found in any H2O organic structure, including oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, and rivers. Tidal currents have been recorded at upper limit degrees in locations along seashores of ocean basins.Tidal currents move more straight towards and exterior closed countries like estuaries, seaports, or rivers. Together with tides, tidal currents move in a certain way with the high tide and in the opposite way with the low tide. When a tide takes topographic point on a certain location, the H2O degree rises over clip covering the bay doing what is called Flood tide. Consequently, the H2O rises until it reaches its highest degree high tide. Directly after the H2O reaches its highest degree, it stops, at the seashore in what is called loose H2O. Afterward, the H2O degree starts to fall over clip, doing what is called ebb tide. Consequently, the H2O degree falls until it reaches its lowest degree low tide. The low tide stays for a period of clip in once more what is called loose H2O. This sequence is somewhat different when speaking about rivers. Rivers H2O flow from the river to the sea, which evidently lowers the power of the inundation tide. However, during the ebb tide, H2O mergeing from the river to the sea is strongly supported by the wane flow doing more powerful tidal currents. Ebb flow largely prevents smaller boats from making the seashore, See figure 4.tidal current.pngFigure 4 Tidal Currents develop ebb tides and inundation tides in closed H2O countries.( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //oceanmotion.org/html/background/tides-currents.htm )Sailors and Mariness typically take aid for the measure and clip of the tide. Tides, particularly low, prevent entry to seashores of shallow H2O. Another concern for crewmans and Mariness, sing tidal currents, are the velocity, clip, and way of the tidal current. As a consequence, crewmans need elaborate information of tides and tidal current s behaviour in order to be after the ship s place, velocity, and sailing itinerary.River MedwayThe river Medway is located in south England, most of it is in the county of Kent, see figure 5. The river flows precisely from Turners Hill in west Sussex, traveling through Tonbridge to Maidstone and the coastal towns of Medway into the river Thames at Sheerness before stoping at the Thames estuary. The River Medway flux a distance of 70 stat mis through the Land country until it ends at the eastern sea seashore of Kent. In the late sixteenth century, the river became a enthrall Defense centre for the Royal Navy, where ships were built and navy arms was transferred through the river. However, river Medway has ever been a hard waterway to voyage through and bigger ships ever struggled to go through over. Ships had to restrict their seafaring above the river medway to certain tidal state of affairss, doing usage of high tides and taking cautiousnesss from low tides, hence sailing between half inundation and half ebb tides.The Chatham Dockyard, standing further up the river, near the centre of the town, was found in 1547 as a ship build and fix topographic point. The Chatham Dockyard played an of import function in most of the wars fought between England and other European states. Many celebrated ships and navy battlewagons were built in Chatham Dockyard, including the first Fe battlewagon in 1863.river medway.jpgFigure 5 River Medway gathers and flows at Tonbridge, Kent. River Medway ends at the eastern sea seashore of Kent.( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/townhistory/ ) onwards the twelvemonth 1746, ships coming from Sea could non go through the river after Maidstone, until at that twelvemonth many betterments were made to the river lease flatboats with heavy tonss traversing over the river stretch every bit far as Tonbridge. The river was farther improved by clip. Eleven Locks on the river take topographic point, assisti ng in the crossing of the river. Lock aid raise and take down the boats in certain countries of the river to assist in the crossing over. The locks in Allington and other topographic points along the river give ships a bill of exchange, or minimal distance between the ships organic structure and the river floor, of 4 pess.Tidal River MedwayThe River Medway is divided into two parts, tidal and non tidal River Medway. Non tidal River medway is from the get downing point at Tonbridge and coatings at Allington. After Allington towards the medway estuary near Sheerness, the river is tidal. All the seafaring and pilotage through the river between sheerness and Allington is dependent on tides motion.At low tides the river Medway may dry out at locations near Allington lock. High tides are non a large of danger to ships in the River Medway as Low tides in certain locations are.River Medway at ChathamChatham experience semidiurnal tides or assorted tides during the twelvemonth. Meaning, Tide s occur in two high tides and two low tides in chatham, but are sometimes are unequal. In a champaign by Drewry Shipping Consultants Limited in July 2007 prepared for the Medway Council and Marine South east, the undermentioned statement describes the different tidal scope of Medway River.

Schemes of work and lesson planning

Lesson plans be a key part of a teachers development. They enable teachers to plan their lessons channelizeing off on skills such as recording, monitoring, demonstration, adaption, discussion and extensive planning. Effective lesson plans enable a teacher to prioritise and organise the learning and provide a gentle learning environment to adhere to the diverse and complex needs of those in the lesson.Lesson plans set the format for what students are to achieve and how they will do this. Schemes of work basically form the basis for lesson planning , although schemes of work can be adapted, they are avouched by the requirements of the National Curriculum which sets the foundation of what is to be taught. Schemes of Work draw upon the expertise of staff, resource implications and timescales.The scheme of work is an extensive plan that shows subject by subject, key stage by key stage, the outline of what is being taught and how it interlinks with the stage setting of learning, ta king into account students prior learning Not only this, Schemes of Work provides parents, teachers, governors and other individuals with a broad outlook on what is to be/being taught. vast full circumstance planning This takes into consideration the learning and planning for the year. It is based upon the curriculum framework as well as the schools aims, policies and statuary requirements.It outlines what will be cover for each year group/key stage. Albeit, long term planning is constituted as a team (school) rather than individual, long term lesson plans are the teachers plans for implementing the curriculum within the classroom. They should outline the aims to be covered in each subject ambit, in accordance with the National Curriculum, drawing on teachers judgement and knowledge of the needs and ability of the class. Long term planning offers a broad framework for the following * units of work for each subject area learning objectives to be addressed * national curriculum * cross-curricular links * sequence in which the work will be delivered (progression) * activities that the children will engage in * estimate to be undertaken Long term planning forms the basis of medium term planning. Medium term planning This type of planning is typically the responsibility of the individual. homogeneous long term plans they generally outline units of work for each subject area, learning objectives to be addressed, cross curricular links etc.Medium Term Planning outlines the content of what is to be taught in some detail during a term or half a term, and should be used to support the exploration of content as outlined by the National Curriculum. Medium term planning will inform short term planning to enable a teacher to map out their activities on a weekly basis or daily basis. Short term planning These plans involve the individual teachers and outline what is going to be taught on a daily and lesson by lesson basis.These lesson plans are more specific to what t he students will learn and how this will be achieved, i. e. the aims and objectives. Short term lesson plans are formulated from the outcome of previous lessons for that subject and build on progression based upon previous learning, evaluation and assessment process. Short term lesson plans withal details how the work will be differentiated, meeting the needs and abilities of all in the group whilst taking into consideration different learning styles and behaviours, this will inform how the work will be achieved i. . group work, pairs or individual. Short term lesson plans will highlight how to keep all children included and motivated whilst achieving learning. These plans will rate which children are struggling, what resources will be needed and where best to allocate resources i. e. teaching assistants. A teacher will also identify how learning will be achieved, choosing suitable activities, space and time.Short term plans will have assessment opportunities to monitor students l earning and plan for future lessons, searching on the activity will depend which method of assessment will be used, however a short term lesson plan should identify this. Lesson plans are a key developmental putz of a teachers evaluation and planning. Appropriate plans provide a framework for revisiting and evaluating the success of the lesson in meeting its objectives. Lesson plans enable progression. Fundamentally progression cannot be met without planning, evaluating and assessment.

Melissa Younan Twelfth Night

However, Olivia does not return this sentiment an d has sworn off marriage while mourning the death of her dear brother. under the orders of the Duke, Viola goes to Lady Olivia in pursuit to convince her to marry Rosin, though she herself has grown to love him. After the visit, Olivia s terminations her serve ant after corsair, otherwise cognize as Viola in disguise, in order to return a ring that he had supposedly left at her manor. In her soliloquy, Viola is act to come to a con occlusion as to why Olivia had sent the ring, knowing for a fact that she had not worn one.Fate r processing the events that occurred in their discussion and the ring predicament .NET, Viola realizes that the Lady has fallen in love with who she believes to be Corsair, a ND that he ring is a signalise of her affections towards him. Completely unaware that Ices aria is not really a man, plainly a woman impersonating one, this adds more complication a ND conflict to the Story. By the end Of the soliloqu y, Viola is left overwhelmed and unable to find a solution to the unfortunate love triangle she currently finds herself in.In the soliloquy, Viola uses logos to attempt to understand their lost situation and pathos to express her pity for Olivia. Viola uses logos when she begins to make connections as to how Olivia acted during their meeting. Viola uses logo s when she says, She made good view of me indeed, so much, / That sure method her eyes had lost her tongue, / For she did speak in starts distractedly(Act II, scene ii, 676678). The quote builds how Olivia had repeatedly gazed at her and seem d distracted, which can only when take to be that she is in love with Viola/ Corsair.This appeal proves to be effective because it leads her to finish off the speech by discuss Eng Olives misplaced love. As for pathos, in lines such(prenominal) as, Poor lady, she were better love dream(683), and, What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe(696), Viola implies Olivia is chasing a fan tasy and that since the man that she thinks she loves do s not exist, the only outcome will be her sorrow and misery. This can be seen as pat hose because it compels not only Viola, but the indorser as advantageously to feel compassion t awards Olivia.Also, when Viola begins to rant about how frail the hearts of women AR e and how easy is it for the propellers / In womens waxen hearts to dance orchestra their forms (686687), she begins to understand Olivia and how she is not to blame for her misguided love for Corsair. This is both pathos and logos because not only is she feeling pity for women, such as Olivia and herself, but she is also using false 10 gig by eying that misguided love is caused by women having weak hearts.By the en d of the speech, Viola understands Olives love for who she believes is Corsair and empathetic with Olives feelings. Viola uses many rhetorical and literary devices throughout her speech as well in order emphasize and/ or make a point. She used example s of apostrophes such as Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness(Act II ii 684) and O time Thou must UN tousle this, not l / It is too hard a knot for me to untie (697698). When she states Disguise, I see, thou art a wickedness(684), she blames her disguise for making Olivia fallI in love with her. As for O time Thou must untangle this, not l / It is too hard a knot for me to it is used to show how complex their situation is and how she cant fix it alone. The apostrophes show how Viola eagerly wants to avoid the conflict a ND have it resolved. This is shown through how she pins the blame on a simple disguise and wishes that time will resolve the matter on its own. There is also head rhyme in the speech such as fate forbid and she did speak in starts. The alliteration I s used to emphasize and show importance.For instance, in the sentence, Fortune for id my outside have not charms her (675), the alliteration is used to show the reader r that Viola is worried about Olivia falling in love with her disguise, as well as to amp difficulty Violas wishes to prevent more conflict and heartbreak to the reader. The sent once, For she did speak in starts distractedly(678), also shows the reader that Viola ha s come to the determination that Olivia is in love with Corsair, and catches the readers Tate notion to this fact.In my opinion, I think it is important to read and utilize rhetorical strategies in order to make culminations about Shakespearean writing. I believe this is crucial I because in order for the reader to comprehend the speech itself, they must get a sense e of what is occurring prior to the speech. Because of this, the reader must analyze the re theoretical situation in the speech in order to understand the main problem, purpose, an d who the speech is really targeted for.Without knowing the situation, the reader would be lost and unable to fully comprehend why the speech is of importance. Therefore, it is one of the key points in understanding the spe ech. Also, if youre unable to come to conclusion as to why Shakespeare included devices such as logos, pathos and or ethos n the speech, you would not know whether he was trying make a logical point t, show the credibility of a character, or make the reader feel pity or emotion.

Assignment 1 Ptlls, Level 4

Assignment 1 PTLLS Level 4 Task 1. Establishing maroon rules and promoting confiscate behaviour. Level 4. Explain the different approaches you have discovered for establishing ground rules to value the contributions of another(prenominal)s and understand the need for respect?Ground rules can be concord as a group or as a class, having a mutual agreement from the class helps establish and promote respect for each other, doing what is int cobblers lasted from the class and taking responsibility for learning as individuals and as a group, as working as a team and respecting each others opinions, and agreeing to disagree, however still respecting the other persons opinions. Discussing and agreeing ground rules with the class makes for foil and openness with the class and individual aw arness of this matter.Ideally it may resolve any animosity. Inclusive learning is about recognizing that each learner is different from other learners in many ways. As a teacher you need to work in partnership with your learners to ensure that learning is effective. Partnerships always work best when both sides sock where they stand. If your learners understand what is required of them and what they can expect from you, they are more likely to make the necessary commitment to learning and to be successful in achieving their aims and ambitions. Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 21) Promoting appropriate behaviour so that individuals respect each other and this would also help eradicate bullying style of behaviour. Although, you would think this would not happen with adults, however it does. The know it all, explaining to the class whilst interrupting teaching, giving too many personal experiences or examples, this can be really frustrating for the learner, who needs to listen and understand the prognosticate of the teacher.Once ground rules have been established this would make the individual / class aware of their own behaviour for example only having one conversation at a time in the class and respecting other peoples contributions. Has adults in a further education surround, one would know how to behave appropriately. Ice-breakers are a great way of commenceting to know each other, having fun and knowing something about someone can also promote respect. Well-chosen icebreakers can fill-in learners through the discomfort of getting to know others, and the teacher better.They can help to set a positive atmosphere for learner interactions and encourage interest in the overall learning experience. (Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 10) Having boundaries for a teacher and learner also promotes respect and appropriate behaviour for the teacher and the learners. This may include personal space, physical contact, other students within the institution, the age of the student being taught, the location college, work place, training etc.This is also to safe guard minors, well being, duty of care, equality and work ethics, it is essential not to draw these. For exa mple if a teacher accepts a gift such as money or diamonds, this maybe considered has favourtism, bribery, (boundaries can be agreed about giving / receiving gifts, thus the type of gift presented to either party) and if a teacher gives gifts to a minor this maybe considered as grooming, it is important not to overstep this grey area. (Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 1 and 12) explains the reasoning behind ground rules Agreeing ground rules with learners Under the new Professional Standards for Teachers, Tutors and Trainers in the Lifelong Learning Sector your aim leave behind be to create a safe learning environment that promotes tolerance, respect and co-operation between your learners. One of the best ways of achieving this is to develop an agreement with your learners regarding ground rules. These are rules that should be agreed by, and followed by, all learners within your group.Involving your learners in the process encourages them to take responsibility and ownership for their own learning. Your learners will learn best in an environment in which they are able to participate, voice their opinions, ask questions and be actively involved in determining how they will learn. Ground rules should be agreed by the whole group rather than imposed by you. By showing an interest in their decisions, you are communicating with your learners that they are valued as individuals, who puzzle useful skills and knowledge to the session.You might think that they will agree to switch withdraw their mobile phones and arrive on time. However, it might be useful to get them to think about dividing their ground rules into rights and responsibilities for example We have a right to o Be treated with respect o Be listened to o Be assured of confidentiality. We have a responsibility to o Be on time for sessions o Not disrupt the session o Switch off mobile phones. (Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 11 and 12)We all have a right to learn, listen and contribute in class, as individua ls will have their own intent for how and what end results they desire. Knowing this contributes to respect for others, as we all have different learning styles. Has an individual has paid to study and not be disrespected by anyone within the location and in the class. Word Count 814 Reference List Gravells, A. and Simpson, S. (2008) Planning and Enabling Learning in the Lifelong Learning Sector Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter.